The Proper Way To Make References In A Dissertation

The Proper Way To Make References In A Dissertation How To Make References In A Dissertation Right? When it comes to academic papers, every writer must understand the importance of references. It has many reasons to be so significant. Firstly, this is one of the main requirements for the academic writings and it serves as a final touch for the paper, showing it is completed. Secondly, this is a way you can maintain statements in the text and provide proofs for your arguments. The presence of references displays that you have done quality research and have a deep knowledge of the topic you have disclosed in the dissertation. Today we will take a closer look at â€Å"academic† or â€Å"scholar† references in academic writing and discover their peculiarities. What is academic reference? This is the type of references you add to your academic paper to direct your reader to the sources of the information you have used in the paper. It can be a citation, quotation or another way of â€Å"borrowing† thoughts from other experts. We have many options for providing references in the paper. In this article, we will take a closer look at three of them. However, they all have similar features and purposes and provide the same piece of basic info about the source of thoughts: the name of the author of the text you refer to; the name of the paper/article/book/etc.; the type of work (book, article, magazine etc.); the date of publication, edition (if you refer to the particular edition of the book, with specific features, you need to specify what copy you have used exactly as the information, used in the older versions may drastically differ from statements used in the latest copies or the structure may vary and create a confusion when reader will try to find the original source you refer to); the place of publication and the name of the publisher; extra details, if needed, to provide complete direction to the source of information that is used in your academic paper. Reasons you need to make references and when you should do so Excluding plagiarism The most significant reason to use citation is to exclude cases of plagiarism in your dissertation or any other paper. It is not forbidden to add to your work thoughts and statements of other influential experts in the field. But you can do so only with proper references for their work. This is the way you can support your own statements and give credits to the people who have inspired you in your own discoveries at the same time. Keep in mind, that references are required not only for direct quotations of someone’s words but also to other data and thoughts, even if you have paraphrased them. Some people plagiarize other works unintentionally. But still, they are under the danger to be accused of dishonest researching. We advise making references anytime you know or consider the thought in your work is the representation of some other one. Be cautious. Additional reasons Apart from the danger of being accused in plagiarism, you need to keep in mind a few more reasons to make a habit to provide references to the sources of information you use. They are important in evolving as a scholar and following policies of collective knowledge creation: provide readers with the opportunity to dig deeper and find out wider explanation of the things from your paper, which can be a thing if your work stimulates reader’s thinking. Moreover, thus us just a common scholar courtesy to display the way your thoughts were formatted clearly and understandable; providing references to the works of other scholars will show you have done deep research on the topic and display your insight into it. This may help you in convincing your readers and make your arguments sound stronger. With quotations of the reputable sources, your interpretations may become even more understandable. What system for references is better to choose? Usually, there are no many options. In most cases, you will have an opportunity to choose between parenthetical referencing and footnote referencing or their preferred parenthetical and numerical styles for Arts or Humanities subjects and for Sciences or Social Sciences respectively. As a rule, it is up to the university choice. In case you have an opportunity to choose, you need to study the â€Å"usage† passage and check the following aspects: What is the number of sources you are about to use in my work? To what extent will you use the sources: will you use a lot of data from them or just include a few thoughts from each of them to point out some trends in the field? What will you choose: paraphrasing or direct quotes? So in case, your educational institution will provide you with the freedom to choose the referring method, use this checklist to make the right choice considering specifications of your work. Ways to make effective and consistent references Systematism Working dissertation, it is obvious that you will have to use dozens or even hundreds of sources and will have to provide references to them as well. You will need to work on the bibliography section for sure to display the list of used sources. But during months or even years of work on the paper it is impossible to remember and recall all the book, articles and papers you base your research on. So it would be wise to develop a system for organizing all the materials, whether you just read them or quote. This approach will be helpful for writing the bibliography section and making in-text quotations as well. Helpful software for automatizing the process Academic writers usually have their own ways of organizing sources lists and notes for their work. They may use spreadsheets or make notes on paper. It is good to implement even these techniques. But when you work with numerous sources and for a long time, you may require additional assistance from special software for managing references. This is one of the most effective ways to store and retrieve sources. Many educational institutions provide commercial subscriptions for their workers for software like RefWorks and EndNote. But you also may use free packages of Zotero. There might be some restrictions compared to the paid versions, but still, it can serve a great deal. Usually, this type of software provides a similar list of features: the feature for organizing the database by dividing it into different folders according to the particular criteria, that is especially useful for large databases; a number of fields that collect info that is typically needed for the proper citation in the academic paper; at least one option for automated recording of the info (for instance, plugins for grabbing citation data from pages you use in your work; DOI searches for collecting citation info right from the internet; functions for importing text or XML files, or even complete databases); plugins for word processing to make in-text quotations in any footnote or parenthetical form; at least one tool for creating lists of references or bibliographies – in a text form extracted from the program or collecting data about sources from the word procession results. Using these helpers, you can save a great deal of time while you will have an easy way for cataloging, retrieving or annotating materials you use in your paper. The automated citation will help you to create the full bibliography list for your paper. But keep in mind that automated tools cannot guarantee 100% accuracy in their results. So it would be better to check the records of the program and complete them with missing data or to fix some inaccurate parts. Parenthetical references Usage This type of references is used most often in academic writing and it can be applied in various academic disciplines with minor differences considering discipline specifications. MLA and Chicago styles are usually used in disciplines of the Arts and Humanities field, particularly in the north part of USA. When it comes to Social Sciences, APA can be appropriate. But the Harvard system is the most universal option that is acceptable by most universities and disciplines globally. Parenthetical methods are usually applicable on an economic basis. With their help, the reader may quickly and without any special troubles or time-wasting find the source of the provided information in the section with all references (can be marked as â€Å"References† or â€Å"Bibliography† etc.) where all the papers you have cited are collected. Due to the fact that this style is based on economy approach, it has simplified requirements considering the author’s name. So you can specify it only if it is not clear from the context. But if your quotation looks like â€Å"Brown states that.† you can omit Brown’s name in the references a few phrases later. System based on author-date principle Most references of the parenthetical format are based on the â€Å"author-date† principle. They include the name of the author and then the year of publication. As it was stated above, you can omit the author’s name and specify only the year, in case the name is understandable from the context. Here’s an example: We can observe many complaints that we have â€Å"too many styles for references that may only waste our time we could spend on deeper research† (Brown 2018, p.8) or Brown claims that â€Å"There are too many styles for references that may only waste our time we could spend on deeper research† (2018, p.8) The year of publication is the second main information about the source you need to specify in your referencing (after the name). This allows easy tracking of the source of the thoughts of the piece of the text and finds it in the bibliography section. The author-date principle usually creates a unique marker for each source of information. But in can the scholar has written more than one academic work in one year without specifying other dating information, and you need to use and quote each of the sources in your dissertation, so you need to make each identifier unique like â€Å"2018a† and â€Å"2018b† etc. The way you make references may differ depending on the selected format, discipline etc. For instance, we will use APA when we are assigned to write a paper on any of the Social Sciences discipline. It does not have any strict rules for mentioning page numbers as usually in such works the sources of information are rather paraphrased then cited directly. In most cases, it is just a general reference for giving credit to the inspiration and the direction for the thoughts in the paper. In the APA system, you need to specify the author’s name and the date of publication. In case you need to mention the page number, add this information at the end of the quote in a separate parenthetical note. Brown (2018) claims that â€Å"There are too many styles for references that may only waste our time we could spend on deeper research† (p.8) The Harvard system This citation method required separate disclosing, despite the fact it belongs to the author-date group of referencing styles. There are high chances that your university uses the Harvard system as the main citation system, or at least for some disciplines. But it is also possible, that your university may understand this system differently comparing to other educational institutions. While Chicago and MLA styles serve as detailed identifiers that have many rules for academic writing, apart from the references, Harvard method only specifies the type of info you need to add to your reference, but it has much more formatting rules. Harvard formatting differs from institution to institution and publication that apply this style. So variations may be many, but we can define basic principles that remain the same: capitalize the name of the author; referring to the page numbers, use â€Å"p.† or just add the number; separate the name of the author and the publication data with a comma; use the formatting and elements of bibliography that is specified by the university. It may be confusing, but many universities do not take into consideration these specifications. If you go to any library in any university, you will see that its referencing guide will disclose the main set of rules of Harvard System, without including elements of its variations. This will help you to identify the unique requirements and spot the ones, added by your university or software. Keep in mind this information, especially if you use the special software to automate tracking and collecting bibliography data. If you will choose the Harvard system in its settings, the high chances that the result will not match the requirements of your university. So you will need to fix some settings manually to reach the needed format. Some referencing tools offer a few variants of the Harvard system, so you can try each of them to find the most suitable option for you and your university. But still, you may need to make a few corrections as well. MLA format and features of MLA approach is even more economical in using the information in references. The main thing here is that we do not have to use dates but organize sources according to the names of the authors with minimal punctuation as well. For instance, it can look like this: We often hear complaints that there are â€Å"too many styles for references that may only waste our time we could spend on deeper research† (Brown 8) In case the author has more than one work, connected to the discussed topic, you can add a reference to the particular book, but make it the shorter possible, like this: We often hear complaints that there are â€Å"too many styles for references that may only waste our time we could spend on deeper research† (Brown, Education’s 8) More examples Take into account that all the references we provide in the examples are fictional and made up by us to display the main principles. In text: We often hear complaints that there are â€Å"too many styles for references that may only waste our time we could spend on deeper research† (Brown 2018, 8) In the list of references: Brown, John. 2018. The Challenges of Modern Education: Requirements and Academic Writing. Parenthetical styles examples Chicago (author-date) MLA (Modern Language Association) Harvard APA (American Psychological Association) Footnote/endnote references and their usage Usage Method of footnote referencing is used mostly in papers in Arts and Humanities disciplines and more common in the UK and Commonwealth countries. It is suitable for direct quotes and references to the sources when it is required to provide instantly what source has been used and when you need to add some comments to the info you have used in the main text. This type of referencing usually includes page numbers if possible. The exceptions are the classical texts that may exist in various editions and in such cases it is more appropriate to refer to the particular chapter, scene, line etc. Footnoting is based on the assumption that the reader may decide to trace the source to study the context of the quote and get a deeper understanding of the thoughts in the paper. So we often can see this type of referencing in the books and articles and they usually contain bibliography references and other info about the source. Formatting and style specifications Usually, we can see the number in the superscript note (less often – parentheses) at the end of the sentence of the passage quoted or some other option to display that the text has noted. In most cases, footnotes can be found at the bottom of the page that contains the reference. It can also be an adjacent page in case there is too much text in the footer. The referencing section as a rule id separated from the main text with a horizontal line. Less often universities use the endnote approach when all the references are marked with a running number and then at the end of the paper, book etc. we have a special chapter with references and comments. The amount of details in the footnote reference usually depends on the presence or absence of the bibliography. If the is one, in a footnote we can just add the main info to track the original source in the bibliography section. It can be the name of the paper and its author’s name and the particular page where the quote is. Footnote is the unique style as it allows using bibliography as well with the sources of quotations. You also can add to the footnote any other source and information that is important for the deeper understanding of the paper your work on, whether you cited it or not. In some cases, footnote referencing does not imply the bibliography section at the end of the paper. This means that all the details about the source of information must be added to the footnote. At the same time, two the most popular styles Oxford and MHRA usually require that all possible bibliographic details were mentioned in the footnote as well as in the bibliography section in the alphabetic order. Sometimes MHRA allows omitting of the general bibliography, but often universities require creating it anyway. Considering this, the short note is allowed (containing the author’s name, title and the page of reference) to be added to the footnote after the source was mentioned and introduced before. Examples In text: Brown often complaints that â€Å"There are too many styles for references that may only waste our time we could spend on deeper research†. 1 In the footer: Brown, John. 2018. The Challenges of the Modern Education: Requirements and Academic Writing (Oxford: Scholars Press, 2018), p. 8. In the list of references: Brown, John. 2018. The Challenges of the Modern Education: Requirements and Academic Writing (Oxford: Scholars Press, 2018). Footnote style examples MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association); Oxford; Chicago (footnote style). Numbered reference styles Usage Numbered referencing style is most common in scientific works. They are perfect for cases when there are too many sources of information and they are used brief or paraphrased and when you use more than 5 sources to prove one point or statement but without direct quotations (or without it at all). Numbered collection of the references in bibliographic records are the best options for cases when there are too many sources and even the shortest parenthetical approaches will lead to the often and long interruption of the main text. Format and features Every source you use in your work has its unique number in the bibliography depending on the appearance order in the text. The definite number is inserted in the main text in parentheses (not in a superscript way like in footnotes) and when in the further text you refer to this source, you use the same number for referencing to it. At the end of the paper, you will have to collect all the references in one list in the respective order. Numbered references are suitable for the texts where there are many numbers and terms and you may need many references or even hyperlinks to explain them. Examples In text: Scholars often complain that there are too many styles for references that may only waste our time we could spend on deeper research. (1-4) In the list of references: Brown, J. The Challenges of the Modern Education: Requirements and Academic Writing. Oxford: Scholars Press, 2018. Examples of numerical styles One of the most standardized styles of numerated referencing is Vancouver style. But more often you can hear mentioning only â€Å"numerated referencing† without specifying Vancouver style. As well as Harvard style, this method of making references may be altered depending on the university requirements, time of publication and other factors. But the unique Vancouver style of referencing will remain the same and you may use it as a starting point to organize a large number of references in your paper. Changes in referencing approaches – e-sources and DOI The DOI style, or A Digital Object Identifier, is standardized and currently a very common method for making references to the online sources. This is like the connection between an ISBN and a URL. It is a unique and stable identifier that marks the particular source in electronic format and allows looking for it in the database. URL features are in its functioning as the â€Å"address† to the source and make it possible to found it quickly. Most of the articles published today online use DOI method. The main info of the DOI is collected in the centralized database as metadata. This is a very convenient option for those, who use referencing software. All you need is to input the DOI of the article and the system will collect the required bibliographic data. But the most convenient feature is that the metadata is being regularly updated so the unique DOI will contain the relevant URL and other info about the article. Type http://dx.doi.org/ before any DOI identifier and it will find the most suitable place in the article for reference. If the source is open, it will direct to the page where the full article is available. In other cases, it will lead to the login page or any other page that will help you to get access to the original source. The referencing techniques are still in the process of incorporating DOI. However, recent editions of APA and MLA now contain guidelines for using DOI as the references and even make it possible to exclude some details about the source of your reference have DOI.

Melatonin essays

Melatonin essays The pineal body, also known as the pineal gland, is a small structure extending from the posterior border of the brain within the third ventricle and along the midline (1,2). It is not actually part of the brain, but a member of the endocrine system (1). This pea-sized, pine coned shape structure was first given attention to in 1963 when it was discovered that its chief secretion, melatonin, was involved with various organ and tissue regulation (3). Before then, the structure was only believed to be the remains of a primitive sensory system (3). Much is still unknown about this member of the endocrine system. Melatonin is the major secretory product of the pineal body although many peptide and amine secretions have been recognized coming from this structure (1). Melatonins primary role is in the regulation of circadian rhythms, including sleep/wake cycles and core body temperature, and is sometimes called the master hormone because of this (3). However, it is uncertain whether it can fully regulate all human circadian rhythms (4). The chemical structure of melatonin is small and similar to that of serotonin (3). It is distributed to various organs and tissues through the circulatory system as a hormone and secretion levels rise at night because it is stimulated by darkness and suppressed by light (3,5). This is because is it synthesized by photoreceptor structures in the pineal gland which receive input indirectly from visual pathways (1,5). High melatonin levels cause drowsiness and most people prefer to sleep at night because the darkness stimulates melatonin secretion (3). Oral doses of melatonin can shift the bodys clock forward or backward making it a treatment for insomnia, jet lag, seasonal depression and time changes, although a possible side effect may be daytime drowsiness in a few sensitive people (3). Melatonin may also be a possible treatment for certain cancers. Women with e...

Contractors and Consultants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Contractors and Consultants - Essay Example Government contracting of tax collection services and legal services brings a set of benefits that are both economic and efficiency based. Maintaining a legal firm just to cater for government legal requirements would create an enormous financial burden on the government and in most cases lack efficiency. The government contracting for legal services ensures that the best representatives are acquired for the task at hand. Legal outsourcing is a reform resulting into a more efficient public service by the private sector (Joyce, 2013). Outsourcing of services that bear strong responsibilities to the public safety and those that can affect the Nation adversely is not morally right in the public interest. Some outsourcing activities result in moral degradation of the public while others threaten the diplomatic and safety measures of the government functioning (Joyce, 2013). Outsourcing the correction services has led to private- prison providers to push for mandatory minimum sentences and to sign contracts warranting to keep prison beds entirely filled (Joyce, 2013). This case is an example of a moral degradation where the correction system gets turned from a rehabilitation program to a financial endeavor. The case of Snowden, who worked for a private contractor, who leaked top-secret information affecting the national security is an example of why top government services should be maintained at government control (Joyce,

Internet Activities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internet Activities - Essay Example The military is divided, and the political rivals seek to undermine each other and serve their own interests. Humanitarian conditions have gotten worse, because the government has not paid any attention to this. Economic problems, such as high unemployment, poverty and shortage of basic commodities also exist. Al-Qaeda’s presence, in the form of Ansar Sharia is also a problem. 2. The ICG has a number of recommendations to particular groups in the country, to improve the conditions. This includes the fulfilling of the agreement and let President Hadi take his position. This has been recommended to the armed forces. The President is also recommended to perform all the tasks as mandated by the agreement. The present government is also implored to see the implementation of laws. The crux of the recommendations to different interest groups remains to respect the agreement, and support the present government. The global community, along with non-state actors are also recommended to support this country. 3. Yemen is a Middle-East country, which faces the same sort of problems, as other countries in her region. This is because of the long dictatorship, and the revolution that occurred. ... The U.S-Pakistan relationship has also deteriorated, because of the raiding of Pakistan to find Osama Bin Laden. The different political parties, particular the PML (N) refuses to accept assistance from U.S. Serious aid reduction has had effect on the work of NGOs, which had been working for the betterment of the country. Kidnapping of officers has also been an issue. Additionally, Pakistan needs basic necessities, such as electricity, roads and telecommunications, water, but the current state of the government and its institutions have not been able to keep up with the demand for these necessities. The U.S has recently been on bad terms with the military of Pakistan, and it has reduced civilian assistance; the effects of this are largely seen. 2. Proper democratic rebuilding, capacity building and to have proper policy implementation are the basic recommendations for this particular country. However, the U.S government is also implored to take the opinion of USAID in foreign policy development, and to provide aid effectiveness. The U.S is also recommended to help Pakistan in different ways, including strengthening the government so that it can provide the basic necessities to people. The National and the Provincial Governenmts have also been implored to let the NGOs conduct their work easily and to initiate national dialogue on issues, such as the energy crisis. Additionally, advancement of social and human rights is also recommended. 3. The public in Pakistan has recently turned against the United States, because of the recent NATO attacks, which breached the national sovereignty of Pakistan. Therefore, it is not only the military, or even a particular political party that are part of the hate campaign against U.S. The public is also involved. However,

Project Estimating Techniques Essay Example for Free

Project Estimating Techniques Essay One of the most important factors to the success of a project is how well the project is estimated, as well as how overall costs are managed during the execution phase by the project manager. Project costs and estimates are vital to the success of any organization to remain competitive in the market. Cost estimating for organizations rely heavily on resources that can sometimes be difficult to obtain. Forecasting and utilizing historical return costs are just a couple of ways that organizations rely on estimating. Experienced planners are often a sought trade within the market; this paper will discuss some often used project cost estimating techniques. Types of Estimating The first type of estimating is analogous. This type of estimating utilizes estimates from a previous project that is similar, and uses them to build estimates for the new project. While this type of estimating is beneficial to the planning process, caution must be used to ensure that estimates carried over from the previous project are fair and reasonable. Parametric estimation takes historical data inputs, makes calculated assumptions based on market and statistical data, and then formulates the estimate. This type of estimating is useful as it does use historical data, coupled with statistical data; however, assumptions made by the planner can be skewed and lead to inaccurate estimates in my opinion. The next type of estimating is bottom-up. Bottom-up estimating utilizes information from individual estimates through the Work Break Down structure. This type of estimating is one of the most common types of estimating because it uses estimates from the floor tasks. These floor tasks are estimated by subject matter experts with years of experience, and can be very beneficial to ensuring that not only the estimate is accurate, but the scope of the task is correct. Another type of estimating is three-point estimating. Three-point estimating takes a look at the best, worst, and most realistic scenario to cost estimating the project. These three options obviously come with a  premium on cost, time, or quality. Dependent on what the project objective is will more than likely determine what route to take in this process. From my work experience with project planning, cost estimating can be a very difficult task. Most organizations have a method or process in how to cost estimate. Some utilize checklists, while others may standard operating procedures as part of an organizational policy. Regardless of what tools are available to a project team during the cost estimating process, knowing the overall goals and objectives of the project are keys to estimating a successful project. The burden of cost estimating is not normally the responsibility of one individual; it often lies within the project team. Multiple estimators from various skills are part of the process, and all types of estimating as discussed earlier are part of the process. Tools that my organization utilizes are bid specification review meetings that go over the material, labor, and rates that apply to the work being conducted during the project. In addition, an independent government estimate (IGE) is utilized to ensure that estimates are filled out thoroughly, and reviewed against the contractor’s estimates upon receipt. There are many other processes that can be used; however, these are the most commonly one’s used within government estimating. Conclusion Cost estimating is a very important part of the project planning process as it often dictates the duration of the project, and how much work can be accomplished during the project against the budget given for the project. Estimates of time and cost together allow the manager to develop a time-phased budget, which is imperative for project control (Larson Gray, 2014, p. 131). While there are many different ways that estimates are created, there is no sure fire way in stating that one is better than the other. While some may think that historical data is a more accurate way, there is not telling that the estimate and return costs from a previous project were fair and reasonable. If the previous project cost was overestimated, then the current project would continue to be overestimated; therefore not proving to be a cost benefit to the organization. Cost estimating drives the project plan, and organizations need to ensure they utilize all the tools and resources they have available to them to make the  project a success. Reference Larson, E. W., Gray, C. F. (2014). Project Management: The Managerial Process (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Biodiversity and Land Quality Essay -- Infrastructure Biodiversity Ess

Biodiversity and Land Quality Human society's progression through time has resulted in many environment-altering effects, particularly those brought about by industrialization and rapid population growth. The combination of increased numbers of humans and improved technology has created the need for better management of resources and transportation across the globe. This need has produced great leaps in infrastructure, such as roads and dams. However, the introduction of this infrastructure into the natural world has adversely affected the environment. Biodiversity is often drastically altered, resulting in changes in breeding and predation patterns which, in turn, lead to species extinction and degradation of soil and vegetation. The complex intertwining of many facets of the environment create the potential for humans to have tremendous impact upon the world in which they live, and the effects of infrastructure upon biodiversity and land quality have a far-reaching influence on the environment that calls for cr itical evaluation. As global population increases, a more economically efficient use of resources is necessary to sustain demand for fuel, food, and water. Cities, and the huge populations that they contain, "are parasitic on the surrounding landscape," requiring large amounts of resources to be imported into them (Southwick 169). Thus, more reliance is being placed upon technological innovations and industrialization in order to efficiently support the world's growing numbers, and concentrations, of humans. As a result, infrastructure, particularly dams and roads, are becoming prominent features of the modern landscape. Natural ecosystems are often adversely affected by the environmental modification infrastructure ... ...if industrial activities are not kept at bay. Works Cited: Balmford, Andrew, Georgina M. Mace, and Joshua R. Ginsberg. "The challenges to conservation in a changing world: putting processes on the map," in Conservation in a Changing World, ed. Mace, Balmford, and Ginsberg. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998. GLOBIO. www.globio.info. UNEP 2001. Myers, Norman. "The Rich Diversity of Biodiversity Issues," in Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources, ed. Reaka-Kudla, Wilson, and Wilson. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, 1997. Southwick, Charles. Global Ecology in Human Perspective. Oxford Univ. Press, 1996. Steadman, David W. "Human-Caused Extinction of Birds," in Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources, ed. Reaka-Kudla, Wilson, and Wilson. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, 1997.

Sustainable Environment

Environmental sustainability involves making decisions and taking action that are in the interests of protecting the natural world, with particular emphasis on preserving the capability of the environment to support human life. It is an important topic at the present time, as people are realising the full impact that businesses and individuals can have on the environment. What is Environmental Sustainability? Environmental sustainability is about making responsible decisions that will reduce your business' negative impact on the environment.It is not simply about reducing the amount of waste you produce or using less energy, but is concerned with developing processes that will lead to businesses becoming completely sustainable in the future. Currently, environmental sustainability is a topical issue that receives plenty of attention from the media and from different governmental departments. This is a result of the amount of research going into assessing the impact that human activit y can have on the environment.Although the long term implications of this erious issue are not yet fully understood, it is generally agreed that the risk is high enough to merit an immediate response. Businesses are expected to lead in the area of environmental sustainability as they are considered to be the biggest contributors and are also in a position where they can make a significant difference. Businesses can potentially cause damage to all areas of the environment.Some of the common environmental concerns include: damaging rainforests and woodlands through logging and agricultural clearing polluting and over-fishing of oceans, rivers and akes polluting the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels damaging prime agricultural and cultivated land through the use of unsustainable farming practices For much of the past, most businesses have acted with little regard or concern for the negative impact they have on the environment.Many large and small organisations are guilty o f significantly polluting the environment and engaging in practices that are simply not sustainable. However, there are now an increasing number of businesses that are committed to reducing their damaging impact and even working owards having a positive influence on environmental sustainability. Environmental sustainability forces businesses to look beyond making short term gains and look at the long term impact they are having on the natural world.You need to consider not only the immediate impact your actions have on the environment, but the long term implications as well. For example, when manufacturing a product, you need to look at the environmental impact of the products entire lifecycle, from development to disposal before finalising your designs.

Communication in Criminal Justice Settings Paper Essay

There are different forms of communication, as we go through our everyday process we use different forms of communication all day long withier we are aware of it or not. Within those forms there are verbal and nonverbal communications, and in the criminal justice field there are defiantly times you should use these two forms of communication. Non-verbal communication, also known as body language according to research it states that only about 10% of communication involves the actual words people say, but 30% of communication is the way in which people say those words, called voice intonation. All the rest of our communication, about 60%, is done nonverbally. You can use your non-verbal skills such as active listening, understanding body language, and detecting deception. For instance a person’s body language is called cues. A person can sometimes communicate without even speaking by using their body; you can tell by the way a person walks/movement whether the person is happy, sad or even mad. Also when a person is being nonverbal they use their facial expressions and behaviors that communicate with other independent of words. In the criminal justice field you non-verbal communication is very important. This form of communication would be considered your best friend no matter what it is you are doing, wither it may be talking to a witness, out on patrol, or integrating a criminal. Verbal communications involves conveying thoughts or ideas. When it comes to verbal communication you are going to want to be aware of three components Speech, Language, and Conversation. Speech is the most progressive component in verbal communication. Language is the complex component of verbal communication. Conversation is the most important component of verbal communication. There are many barriers; they may include physical, emotional, and semantic barriers. Emotional barriers may include police officers having low self-esteem or another form of depression. Officers with low self-esteem questions themselves/ lacks self-confidence and even fears being put down or even ridiculed by former officers. The physical barriers can also develop a form of a breakdown in communication. Some physical barriers messages can’t be transmitted and that can be caused by faulty equipment. An example a defunct radio transmitter a way officer communicates with one another in which they can’t because the transmitters are not working. Semantics involve the selection of words you choose to aid you with your communication. If the wrong word is chosen obviously, the communication will not be as effective and the entire message can be misread. Ineffective listening also plays its role in hindering the communication process. If an individual is not fully engaged in the speaker perhaps because the topic does not interest them, , or development of your own biases or set opinions on what is being said have been established in which you with a closed mind, this can lend to ruining the communication between you and the sender. To develop strategies to overcome the barriers that occur as a police officer you must first understand the barriers. You must see the barrier just as you would any other obstacle how can you get around or through certain barriers/obstacle. Once you understand different types of barriers and how they come about is how you as an officer develop strategy to overcome the different types of barriers. In summary you need to develop all these key components of communication in order to better yourself and to enhance your career. Each of these component will allow you to perform your job the best as possible, wither it may be used to testify in court, questioning a witness/criminal, talking to your supervisor, etc. These components of communication that we use on a daily bases are key essentials and a must need in this field in order to survive. Without communication both verbal and non-verbal there will be no success. You will not be able to effectively do your job wither it may be communicating to you peers, to suspects, lawyers or judges. Everything we do revolve around proper communication, it is the key and essential part of the criminal justice process. References CJ Communications in the USA, Module 1 (2nd ed.) CJ Communications in the USA, Module 3 (2nd ed.) CJ Communications in the USA, Module 8 (2nd ed.)

Dealing with he said and she said

Dealing with he said and she said Dealing with he said and she said Dealing with he said and she said By Maeve Maddox I once had a high school English teacher who encouraged her students to use as many synonyms for said as possible, for example: he gasped, she grumbled, and they snorted. Maybe she was just trying to get us to stretch our vocabularies. These days, writers prefer the simple word said, feeling that its more colorful synonyms tend to distract the reader. There are, of course, exceptions. If a character is asking a question, a word like asked is a more logical choice. An occasional shouted or screamed is also permissible in moments of extreme duress for the characters. Sometimes, however, even the he saids can slow conversational flow. Im presently revising a mystery novel, deleting every unnecessary word I find. Here are some of the revisions Ive made to get rid of speech attributions that are not absolutely necessary. Example one: Hello again, Miss Dunbar, he said, motioning for her to sit. I’m afraid you’re not having a very pleasant holiday.â€Å" People do seem to be dying in my vicinity,† she said. REVISION: Hello again, Miss Dunbar. I’m afraid you’re not having a very pleasant holiday. He motioned for her to sit. People do seem to be dying in my vicinity. Since only two people are in the room, attributions are unnecessary. I get rid of the first said by rearranging the sentence, allowing the mans gesture to identify him as the speaker. The second said is unnecessary because only two people are present. Example two: Weve found the murder weapon, Sir, the policeman said, holding out what he was carrying on a towel. Sallie looked at the object in bewilderment. It looks like a flute, she said. It is a flute, Dave said. A flute that shoots .22 caliber bullets. REVISION: Weve found the murder weapon, Sir. The officer was carrying something on a towel. Sallie looked at the object in bewilderment. It looks like a flute. It is a flute, Dave said. A flute that shoots .22 caliber bullets. I get rid of the first two saids by letting gestures identify the speakers. I keep the third attribution to make clear which of the three men present is speaking. Sometimes a character thinks something without saying it aloud. Example Three: The policeman waited for Sallie to get onto the escalator in front of him. So I cant make a break for it, Sallie thought. REVISION: The policeman waited for Sallie to get onto the escalator in front of him. So I cant make a break for it. I get rid of Sallie thought by typing the thought itself in italics. The scene is being narrated from Sallies point of view. REMINDER: This is not a matter to worry about as you write the first, or even second, draft of your novel. Throw in all the saids and snorteds you like. Save the pruning for the final revision. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Handy Expressions About HandsAt Your DisposalEach vs. Both

3 Examples of Dangling Modifiers

3 Examples of Dangling Modifiers 3 Examples of Dangling Modifiers 3 Examples of Dangling Modifiers By Mark Nichol In each of the sentences below, the sentence has been constructed so that the noun or pronoun that a modifying phrase should refer to is missing, which may or may not cause reader confusion but definitely will distract, often because an inanimate object is mistakenly ascribed human agency, sometimes resulting in an unintentionally humorous reading. Discussion after each example explains the problem, and revisions demonstrate solutions. 1. Lifestyle enhancements are crucial if markets slide when approaching retirement. In the absence of the appropriate noun or pronoun identifying who is approaching retirement, the reader ascribes the impending retirement to the nearest noun or pronoun; here, the sentence refers to markets approaching retirement. To rectify this error, introduce the pertinent noun or pronoun before â€Å"approaching retirement†: â€Å"Lifestyle enhancements are crucial if markets slide when you are approaching retirement.† (The sentence can be further revised to â€Å"Lifestyle enhancements are crucial if markets slide as you approach retirement.†) 2. Social exclusion is inevitable when faced with mobility restrictions. Here, social exclusion is said to be faced with mobility restrictions. To revise the sentence so that it conveys the intended message, insert an explicit reference to who is faced with the restrictions: â€Å"Social exclusion is inevitable when one is faced with mobility restrictions.† 3. Youthful misdemeanors can come back to haunt you while job hunting. In this sentence, youthful misdemeanors are treated as actors in a scenario in which they take time out from their search for employment to carry out a function normally assigned to ghosts. But the correct interpretation is that while you are seeking work, mistakes you’ve made in the past may resurface during the vetting process, as expressed in the following revision: â€Å"Youthful misdemeanors can come back to haunt you while you are job hunting.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Greek Words You Should KnowAcronym vs. Initialism45 Idioms About the Number One

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Business Ethics - Essay Example In summary, Enron collapsed due to bankruptcy that was associated with a major audit failure of the company’s books of accounts. The bankruptcy led to major losses to shareholders, highlighted by a dramatic fall in prices from 90US dollars to less than a dollar within one year (Thomas, 2002). This was followed by investigations and summoning of the company’s executives who were later sentenced in various prisons. WorldCom was a big company involved in telecommunications business. It was declared bankrupt around July 2002 due to an accounting fraud, but later reemerged for business in 2004 after changing names to MCI (Tolunay et al., 2005). WorldCom was regarded as one of the largest telecommunications company operating in the United States, where it had expanded from Mississippi in 1983. Downfall of WorldCom begun when it started experiencing diminishing infrastructural demands due to the oversupply of telecommunications, and as a result, its revenues had fallen since t he debt was used to finance huge infrastructure investments. Thus, the main cause of demise of WorldCom was the increasing of net income and assets through transfer of expenses to the main capital account (Tolunay et al., 2005). There was an understatement of operating expenses and capitalized costs were treated as investments. There are specific ethical violations in accounting practices that were done by Enron and WorldCom since in the year 2000, Enron had started showing financial difficulties and problems. CEO Jeffrey Skilling did one of the ethical violations, as he had formed a method of concealing and hiding some company operations and financial losses it incurred. This was referred by financial analysts as Mark-to-Market accounting (Seabury, 2011). As Seabury (2011) highlights, it is a method used in trading securities by the determination their actual value at the current moment. This method is considered as not suitable for conventional businesses. The second violation tha t led tocollapse of Enron was issues of corporate governance (Jickling, 2002, p. 4). This was caused by a conflict of interest between the executives and the company. For example, Andrew Fastow, the Chief Financial Officer (CFO), had made a deal with Enron by partnering with it to do business. In these transactions, the CFO concealed losses and debts which were acrued by Enron. Hence, this had a significant impact on the reported Enron profits (Jickling, 2002). The third ethical violation in accounting practice by Enron was referred to as Accounting issues (Jickling, 2002). This was due to the fact that Enron recorded cancelled contracts and projects as assets in its books and did not indicate which ones were cancelled. In accounting issues, Jickling highlights, Enron used derivative to manipulate accounting figures, and this was an ethical violation of accounting ethics. The fourth ethical violation was pension issues whereby, Enron’s employees held large percentage of stock . The last violation of ethics was in financial audit. The firm’s auditor used careless standards in auditing Enron due to a conflict of interest over the fees they levied for their services. They used unrealistic payment ratios which generated controversy as to whether they were taxable or not. On the other hand, WorldCom had also violated some ethics in accounting practice. Tolunay et al. (2005) highlights that there were three ethical violation

Nutrition and Performance Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nutrition and Performance Final - Essay Example Combined with the intake of Vitamin D, the two minerals enhance the development of the bone marrow. The bone marrow forms the basic and primary ‘factory’ of bones. Sufficient intake of the above minerals and vitamins prevent, and, in most instances delay, such bone-related diseases like osteoporosis (Insel 635). Nutritionists and dieticians always drive home the point of practicing proper nutrient intake in young children. The development of the brain counts on the proper intake and balancing of fatty acids, more so the omega type (Nordqvist, blog). As such, the potential of the brain to take part in activities acquires a solid foundation. Further, the later capabilities of the brain get enhanced with the daily intake of the above fatty acids. Nutrition based on low intake of both cholesterol and low fats every day reduces the chances of attacks by heart diseases. It occurs as common knowledge that the high intake of fats fosters the development of heart-related diseases. What has remained in the background involves the tedious procedure the body undergoes in fat digestion and absorption. Therefore, the understanding of the effects of fats and cholesterol early in life, and the implementation of low-fat nutrition reduces heart-related diseases later in life. The make-up of carbohydrates consists of atoms of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen in specific quantities (Insel 146). The major classifications of carbohydrates include monosaccharaides, polysaccharides and disaccharides. The nutritional importance of a given saccharide depends on its complexity, which determines time taken for digestion and absorption. The required intake of carbohydrates per gram of food ingested lies at about four kilocalories. Carbohydrates break down to release energy for body use (Insel 147). They can also spike the level of blood sugar. The chemical combination of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen