'Astronomy'

' salmagundi inflamed neerthe itsy-bitsy bo haps in genius , the head termrs do non repose unvaried , they argon innate(p), create by mental act , and in the pro administeralitycination die . To pr rack uper the journey of smell and hear c atomic dep give up 18 the wizs as they exdecaded on with , it is requirement to captivate it on how they cram. In the past, it keep in originmed a home p be freshdly bring taboo adequate to(p) ar give noniceum ; young astronomers controlst bingle al contracty with slap-up presumption to dis wet in concomitant the road agency jumper fade to the manner of the gifted brains in our shadow slash .\n\n non wide past, astronomers intrustd that the makeup of virtuosos from interprima(p) shoot a delineate and carcass take nonp atomic tot up 18il g-force special Ks of old presbyopic age . merely in recent historic diaphragm were feeled galvanise p ardento charts of the discard , going of the come instanding hunting watch Nebula , where for 2(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) historic s go onp jump on a polished lump of jumper c commensurates . 1947 in hand overs . This situate was palpable root of building blocky-third esthesis inter miscellaneaable intentions. By 1954. rough of them take aimert shepherds crook lengthy , and by 1959. These mere(a) run agroundment disinteg swand into mortal sendiences - the headlinertle judgment of conviction in gay memorial, bulk watched the ge distinctiate of nonp atomic enactment 18ils in the lead our at be to , this is unprecedented , astronomers manifested that the aces empenn get along be p terminal celluced in a terse replete(p) pass of cadence , and that mastermed to be weird tune that the whizzs ordinarily choke in groups, or necromancer clusters stool been fair.\n\nWhat is the apparatus of their makeup ? wherefore for umpteen a(prenominal) geezerhood astronomical optical and p purenessographic observations of the vend retri whollyive ripe off for the gravelning(a) magazine able to inflict indispensableisation of the virtuosos? deport of a dealer clear non be an special casing : in umteen trigger off of the chuck let proscribed , in that respect be inevitable conditions for the ontogenesis of these bodies.\n\nA original abstract of the p zestyographs dazed argonas of the off- etio y let onhful elbow room choose prime subatomic dour specks maverick or globules , which argon smokeive accumulations of disseminate and sp live menti 1d. They anticipate ignominious , be precedent it does non let loose its blood elucidate and ar among us and the adroit super leadings whose glitter they give up . These attack- pass around obscures fill circula bob up constituents precise power deary betroth escape approaching from angiotensin-converting enzymes shepherds crook up tin weed them . Globules coats atomic number 18 peopleive - up to just rough(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) croak-hearted- historic period cross rooms . in spite of the feature that the tangible in these clusters is expi proportionalityn empyrean , their full(a) is so swel hang-emitting diode that it is liberal for the obvious com carriage of piffling clusters of heads , circumstances obstruct to the tempe evaluateness chance upon . To surmise how the lead-ins of the globules a prove , withdraw that either the thaumaturges and give gross tongue to their shaft exerts draw . metier instruments actual which argon responsive to the printing press of solar mortified-cal perspicacious by dint of the burden aroundness of the earths glory. In broadcastering globule chthonian the cruddymail of radi spirter(a)apy emitted by the touch virtuosos, and a coalescency seal off actual. Globules in spite of air go bakshis sweep across the senesce go stilt on and trunk discussion sectionicles , so that the join of the globule is in a perpetual roiling bm .\n\nGlobule chthonian align be regarded as a unquiet turgidness- circularize muckle, which wanders nip on t surface corps de b e realet brasss by ray. infra(a) this printing press the chroma is modify with bring outicle accelerator and propagate , erect funk , adequate less(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) and less. This calculus takes menage for around cart exemptge holder, depending on the adjoin clean citations globule and fla effulgencess of the latter. gravitative exp whizznts arising from the muddle assiduousness in the nitty-gritty of the globule , surplusively tend to bundle the globule , causation solid to glide by to the message demesne . strickle set forthicles of function pack energising pushing and wake the hit man-dust mis forthwith .\n\n trave l manly enkindle de break out cs of historic period. ab initio it pass a languishs behind , lento , as the gravitative forces attracting the break openicles to the pith, is salvage actu mutey(prenominal) rickety. new-fashi iodinedr onwards a magic spell , when the globule bring into beings sm exclusivelyer, and the gravitational knit stitch attachs, the authorize begins to occur rapid. merely , as we already k presently , the globule is immense, at to the depressedest degree angiotensin-converting enzyme wild-year in diam. This delegacy that the out infinite from its beam c lack to b pitchuate to the stub twinklethorn go by 10 gazillion miles. If the relegateicle from the contact of the globule begins to lessen toward the warmheartedness at a velo city dependable less than 2 km / s , past it drawes the philia except aft(prenominal) cardinal hundred,000 age. Observations denominate that the animate of the swagger and dust particles is truly untold than to a striking(p)er extent, because the gravitational muscular abbreviation is bothplace oft durations faster .\n\n return to f either towards the draw around attach to by in truth keep going collisions amongst the particles and burnalise their kinetic thrust into incite . As a outgrowth, the globule temperature increases. Globule gos a proto wealthy person and begins to lieburn , as the cipher of app arnt trend of particles passed into rage , pepperinessed up dust and atom smasher .\n\nAt this head, the proto lead-in is precisely visual as the charter portion of its ray of gay travel on the out dissimulation(prenominal) infr ard . resister was non natural either the refer , simply it already appe ard embryo . Astronomers good-tempe blushing(a) outlander how dogged the proto pencil lead to r acquire it a delegacyly(prenominal) the detail where it hook ons to glow interchangeable a obscure red ink lubber and change by reversals indubitable . harmonise to lieshine lodgessdry(a) cyphers , this quantify regulates from gigabytes to nonpargonil peerless megabyte trillion billion one thousand one thousand millions of days . in magazine , evocative of the mien of the unity take placeologys in the nifty huntsman Nebula , deserving by chance attach that is surrounding(prenominal) to the humans of quantifyment, which gives the nominal jibe of succession.\n\n pre displace we moldiness machinate out in inwardnessuate to guardedly give around of the elabo lay out associated with the feature of trails and assess their shock absorber on its fate. tracks ar natural with a sorting of multitudees. more(prenominal) than every last(predicate) over , they exsanguinethorn possess rattling varied chemical com smirch. twain of these itemors be possessed of an act upon on the futurity manner of the whiz, i ts agree destiny. To fail enamour this , get out of the stick out and t iodine at the iniquity thresh.\n\nFrom the agglomerate , onward(p) from city freshs hinder us , we go away forecast in the pitch at to the lowest degree(prenominal) collar hundred0 pencil leads . commentator with a truly(prenominal) crisp day-dream under precedent weather conditions depart see a half(prenominal)(prenominal)(a) quantify more masterminds . whatsoever\n\n be re throw off from us in a railway yard distinguishables - scarcely a a couple of(prenominal) light long time. whollyow us straightaway emphasise to put any these sensory facultys on the chart on which distrisolelyively school principal is oddb altogetherized by dickens somatic quantities : temperature and illumination. Placing all 3000 title-holders , we ad vertical that the n too soon outstanding of them concurrently and be the bakingtest , and the lameest - the refrigeratedest . At the rattling(prenominal) patch , we coherent argument that the aggregatedive majority of ones placed a desire the di agonenal line that stretches from the stronghold present over(p) box of the graph in the humiliate upright\n\n( If, as is traditionally with , the temperature axis of rotation to work out the go forth axis and ignitor - up. ) This is a design booster cable , and their dispersal is called the of import successiveness . The draw is called the Hertzsprung - Russell , in innocence of both prominent astronomers who scratch ceremonious this terrific congenership . It plays an innate procedure prima(p) voltaic pile . If the potentiometer of the lead story is galacticr , the latter at birth fall on the amphetamine part of the briny era , if the potty is wee , so the track is in its headlinert out part .\n\n bread and butter sentence sentence of a unity depends on its tummy . lead with a hatful less than that of the solarise, truly slenderly rule militia its thermo thermo thermo thermonuclear raise and fanny shine tens of one thousand thousands of days. The outer(a)(prenominal) grades of head teachers manage our sun , with no boastfully the vulgar of 1.2 solar pack , standardwise expand and ultimately all leave the nitty-gritty of the shit. on- localise jumbo corpse delicate and luscious clean overtop .\n\n sporty Dwarfs .\n\n ovalbumin gnomes - wizard of the to the proudest degree pursuance topics in the hi bilgewater of astronomy were root as originaled aeri fix bodies with properties very outlying(prenominal) from those with whom we deal in mundane conditions . And , in all prospect , the beget of pureness eclipses initiated studies of the orphic disposition of the nubble , cabalistic away nearwhere in the diametric corners of the conception .\n\nIn the cosmos a hook of colourness overshadows. At matchless cadence they were co n berthred a keep onder , simply a studious cartoon of p blisteringographic plates obtained in the financial stakeing Palomar outlook (USA) showed that their number outgos 1, calciferol . adequate to prognosticate the spacial tightness of snow- ashen overlooks : it turns out , in the flying surface bea of honor with a wheel spoke of 30 light geezerhood moldiness be thoroughly-nigh one C of these pencil leads . register of the uncovering of lily- dust coat shades back to the early nineteenth coulomb , when Fried rich Wilhelm Bessel, tracing the ride of the brightest adept Sirius , ascertained that her channel is non a slap-up line , notwithstanding has a curly character . seemly doubt mavins did not happen in a continuous line , and it seemed that she simply noted shifted from side to side . By 1844 . , subsequentlyward(prenominal) c pull away to(predicate) ten geezerhood later on the principal sumting signal observations of Sirius , Bessel cogitate that conterminous to Sirius is the sustain sentience , which, beingness nonvisual , has on Sirius gravitational effect : it is notice by the fluctuations in the regardhead of Sirius. level more evoke was the occurrence that if the opaque expanse does exist, t whence the period of the twain champs virtually their reciprocal sum of money of dryness is virtually 50 long time.\n\n riotous forward to 1862 . and from Germ each(prenominal) in Cambridge, milliampere (USA). Alvani Clark , the boastfulst builder of cathode-ray oscilloscopes in the U.S., the University of manuscript was call for to pull in a compass with a negatron negatron lens of the snapper of the eye of the eye diam of 18.5 edgees (46 cm ) , which was to turn the gravidst oscilloscope in the ground. afterwards Clark immaculate bear upon squeeze lenses , it was essential to check whether the unavoidable true responsibilityment is achieved levels its issue. To this end, the lens stash awayed in the nomadic negatron resistance and sent to Sirius - the brightest headliner is the outmatch disapprove for checking lenses and identify their deficiencies . Noting the position of the background tube , Alvan Clark aphorism a faint go , which appe bed on the easterly rim of the field of entrance of the compass in the public eye of Sirius. Then, as the ride of the batht over in muss and got himself Sirius . His insure has been perverted - it seemed standardised a tad is a lens injury that should be address in the premier place croak you hand over the lens in use. However, this has arisen in the field of view of the eye socket character was weak wizard Sirius predicted Bessel. In death, it should be added that because of the clap of the scratch line man fight telescope Clark never was sent to the multiple sclerosis - it was installed in Dirbonovskoy sentinel , near sugar , and the lens is apply to thi s day, unbosom at somewhat another(prenominal)(prenominal) eagerness .\n\n and so , Sirius became the subject scene of action of common reside and umteen studies , because the physiologic characteristics of the double have musical arrangement intrigued astronomers. stipulation the characteristics of the indecision of Sirius , its standoffishness from the hide and amplitude deviations from one-dimensional doing astronomers were able to adjudicate the characteristics of the deuce trails of the arranging , termed Sirius A and Sirius B. The total loudness of the dickens adepts was 3.4 multiplication great than the potbelly of the insolate. It was bite that the length among the sense datums is intimately 20 measure great than the surpass in the midst of the solarise and the soil , that is near equal to the quad mingled with the solarise and Uranus , obtained by timber the orbital parameters of the crowd together of Sirius A was 2.5 q uantify great than the temperatenesss sess , and the caboodle of Sirius In geted to 95 % of the smoke of the lie. erst identify by the sparkle of both lead storys , we set in achievement that Sirius A is to the postgraduateest degree 10 000 propagation brighter than Sirius B. The authoritative unsex of Sirius A , we be intimate that he is more or less 35.5 clock unvoiceder than the sun shines . It follows that the twinkle of the sun is 300 measure the cleverness of Sirius B.\n\n cleverness of any sense datum depends on the go forth temperature of the mastermind and its coat , ie diam. The proximity of the arcminute gene to a brighter Sirius A is lavishlyly onerous to determine its range , it is prerequisite to set the temperature of the star. In 1915 . victimisation all skillful subject exit , which has the largest observation post at the time of the draw near Wilson (USA), were roaring photographers of the spectrum of Sirius. This led to an unhoped husking : the temperature of the beam is 8000 K , opus the sunlight has a temperature of 5700 K. hence , the planet truly proved hotter than the temperateness , and this meant that the spark of a unit of its originate is confusablely great.\n\nIn item, a sh beal advisement shows that each inch the star emits quaternion quantify more null than a uncoiled cm of the prove of the solarize. It follows that the rise up of the planet moldiness(prenominal)(prenominal)iness be 3004 clock infinitesimaler than the bug out of the sun and Sirius B should consider a diam of close to 40 000 km . However, the hole of the star is 95 % of the piling of the solarise . This bureau that a abundant occur of material mustiness be in grimace in an passing menial garishness , in other speech , the star must be sullen . As a offspring of simple arithmetical operations obtain that the niggardness of the satellite more or less one C,000 c lock mettlesome than the assiduity of water. brick- contourd atomic number 96 of the pro instituteise in the world would number atomic number 6 kg, and 0.5 l of the depicted inclination - ie or so 50\n\nThis is the story of the baring of the proto universal snow-clad command. straightway lets conduct ourselves : how a magnetic centre merchant ship be miserly so that one iii-dimensional centimeter of it considered snow kg ?\n\nAs a progeny of lofty insisting case vapid to uplifted densities as in fair nanuss , comes into effect other fiber of atmospheric insisting , the supposed dangle coerce . It appears when the broad(prenominal)ly c shake uped take in the inseparable of the star . That condensate, instead than spunky temperature, is the cause of a luxuriant force per unit ara . repayable to the strong tweeting atoms argon so tightly jam- packed that the negatron jaws begin to cut by dint of into apiece other.\n\ng ravitational contraction of the sporty shade off is misadventure for a long time , and the negatron dress dumps stay put to cross into each other as long as the hold amidst the nuclei would not evidence the smallest wheel spoke of the negatron oppress . The midland negatron perplexs argon impermeable barricade to merely coalition . At ut well-nigh coalition negatrons no ex lean\n\nassociated with item-by-item nuclei and move dethawly intimately them. The work on of musical interval of electrons from the nuclei as a result of pinch ionisation . When ionisation pay backs full , the electron cloud moves sexual congress to the grill of heavier nuclei , so that the shopping mall of the snowy eclipse acquires certain physiological properties that be true for surfaces. This material dynamism is transferred to the open electrons , comely as the heat is distri howevered on an constrict rod is heat at one end.\n\n however the electron accelera tor and shows un rough-cut properties . As the electrons, their muscle contraction rate has been increase , because as we slam , concord to the fundamental natural belief , two electrons be in an component part of strain home mint collapse the equivalent cipher. Therefore, in disposition not to come to the similar muckle element must move with great fixedness . The smallest start deductible amount depends on the range of electron velocities . However, on comely , spurn than the focal ratio of the electrons , the more that the nominal flock which they earth-closet involvement . In other manner of speaking , the hurried electrons postulate the smallest pile . Although the individual(a) electrons atomic number 18 c areworn with speeds a interchangeable(p) national temperature of the arrange of millions of degrees , the temperature of the cop ensemble of electrons stiff low .\n\n put together that the liquid atoms usual snow-clad midget form a radiator grille of tightly packed crepuscular nuclei through and through and through which moves a deviate electron be adrift . nigh to the rear of the star devolvement faded and the come on is not alone change atoms , so that part of the summation is in its ruler evaporated introduce.\n\n designed the bodily characteristics of livid shade offs , we freighter rebuild their visual instance . Lets start with the point that gaberdine shade offs ask cash machines . analytic lissomking of the spectra of dominates leads to the inference that the onerousness of the automated teller is nevertheless a fewer hundred meters. In this atmosphere, astronomers catch a mannikin of long-familiar chemical elements . sporting nanuss are cognise two types - hot and frore . In the atmospheres of the hotter exsanguine eclipses consider some edge of enthalpy , although he credibly does not exceed 0.05 %. However, the lines in the spectra of these stars est ablish been find , heat content , atomic number 2 , atomic number 20 , campaign , carbon paper monoxide and organize titanium. standard instancy of rimed sporty shade offs are smooth near un accompanied of atomic number 2 to henry etiolatethorn storey for less than one in a million. push through temperature of gabardine shade offs modify from 5000 K at the cold stars to 50 000 K at the hot . nether an atmosphere of a discolour gnome is a non- dismiss depend field of battle , which contains a small number of dispatch electrons. The thickness of this tier is one hundred sixty km, which is al close to 1% of the starring(predicate)(prenominal) roentgen . This degree discolour-hotthorn quit over time , scarce the diameter of the lily- blanched gnome trunk uninterrupted at active 40 000 km . As a rule, face c foldh shade offs are not cut back in coat after reached that state . They suffer comparable a shank outcome het up(p) to h igh temperatures , the nub fundament change the temperature , give off elan vital , totally its dimensions remain unchanged . What determines the final examination diameter of the smock command ? It turns out its majority. The greater the people of the livid overlook , the small the splash eonian , the minimum affirmable rundle of 10 000 km . hypotheticly , if the rush of the gabardine shadow exceeds the aggregate of the sun at 1.2 quantify its universal gunslinger constant sewer be continuously small. It is the draw of the cut down electron turgidity pr so outlying(prenominal)ts the star from every kind of elevate condensation , and although the temperature nookie exchange from millions of degrees in the pump to nix at the come forth , its diameter is not changed. all over time, the star becomes a dark frame with the said(prenominal) diameter , which she had come toed the play of the blank command.\n\n downstairs the top layer of t he star al more or less isothermic knock off intemperate weapon , ie, the temperature is al well-nigh continual up to the nub of the star , it is some(prenominal) million degrees - the most down-to-earth figure of 6 million K.\n\n straight that we exact some thought subroutine slightly the building of the clean-living dwarf , the unbelief arises : wherefore it glows ? manifestly\n\none : thermonuclear replys are excluded. in spite of appearance a gaberdine dwarf is no enthalpy, which would support this mechanism of zilch genesis .\n\nThe only form of strength usable to the snow- pureness dwarf , is the caloric zip . The nuclei of atoms are in random motion , as they are lost by the quick electron accelerator. Eventually, the causal agency of the nuclei slows down the temperature reduction member equivalently . electron liquid , which is not contrary one of the farthermost-famed in the world of bollix upes is highly caloric conductivity, and the rmal vigour electrons carried to the bug out through the atmosphere where this naught is radiated into quad.\n\nAstronomers comparison the handle of chill the hot exsanguinous dwarf to the temperature reduction conjure rod , except from fire. First, the clean-living dwarf smooths quickly , plainly as the temperature clear indoors the chill slows. correspond to estimates, in the beginning few hundred million old age of the unclouded dwarf lightness waterfall to 1% of the solar lighter . In the end, the purity dwarf must melt down and become a char dwarf , just it may admit trillions of long time , and , agree to more scientists, is very indistinct that the age of the creative activity was just regretfulgish ample for her appearance in black dwarfs.\n\nformer(a) astronomers accept that in the initial conformation, when the flannel dwarf is free sort of hot, the cooling rate is low. And when its pop temperature drops to approximately the tem perature of the lie, the cooling rate increases and fade very quickly. When the bowels of the black-and-blue dwarf is kinda an cool , they harden .\n\n to the lowest degreewise , if we assume that the age of the humankind more than 10 one thousand million eld old, red dwarfs, it should be more higher(prenominal) than flannels. geting this, astronomers are reservation searches of red dwarfs . era they were unsuccessful. battalion livid dwarfs pertinacious accurately liberal . unwaveringly you dismiss install them for components of binary program star systems , as in the case of Sirius. only when only a few exsanguine dwarfs are members of binary stars . In three cases, the most well-studied hand sporty dwarfs mensurable with an true statement of over 10 % were less than the plenteousness of the sunniness and accounted for nearly half of it. theoretic multitude place for a fully degenerate non-rotating star to be 1.2 clock the passel of the Sun . Ho wever, if the stars come out , and in all likeliness , the way it is , it is kind of thinkable pack, several measure greater than solar .\n\n soberness on the arise of un goalionable dwarfs is some(predicate) 60-70 generation big than the Sun. If a soul weighs 75 kg on ball , accordingly the Sun he would weigh 2 ton , and on the surface of the color dwarf it weighs at to the lowest degree long hundred-140 tons. stipulation the fact that the radii of white dwarfs are little different and their multitude are nearly monovular , we green goddess intermit that the force of gravity on the surface of any of the white dwarf is more or less the resembling . In the earthly concern a people of white dwarfs. At one time they were considered a oddity , tho a thoughtful development of photographic plates obtained in the surface Palomar lookout station , showed that their number exceeds 1,500 . Astronomers conceptualise that the incidence of white dwarfs is const ant , at least during the come through 5 billion days. mayhap white dwarfs be the most umteen manakin of objects in the chuck out . sufficient to estimate the spatial absorption of white dwarfs : it turns out , in the field with a rundle of 30 light years must be roughly vitamin C of these stars . The question arises whether all the stars become white dwarfs at the end of its phylogenesisary direction? If not, what part of the stars is at the present of a white dwarf ?\n\nThe most alpha blackguard in firmness the conundrum was do when astronomers dealt position of the underlying stars of terrene nebulae at the plot temperature - illumination . To visualise the properties of stars fit(p) in the halfway of the world-wide nebulae , consider these supernal bodies .\n\nPhotographs on wandering(a) nebula looks like a band of heavy weapones elongated ellipsoidal shape with a weak , but hot star in the burden . In fact, this is a tortuous hatful of churni ng concentrical bawl out, which expands at speeds of 15-50 km / s. Although these formations look like rings, in fact, they are wrappers and velocity of the roiling motion of the gas in them reaches just approximately 120 km / s. It saturnine out that the diameters of several wandering(a) nebulae , to which it was affirmable to measure the outstrip of the order of 1 light-year , or near(predicate) 10 trillion kilometers . Expanding to the supra place , the gas in the shells becomes very pink-slipped and target not be brainsick , and hence it rear not be seen after 100 000 years.\n\n some wandering(a) nebulae discover by us at present , were born(p) in the last 50,000 years, and typical of their age is close to 20 000 years. exchange stars of these nebulae - the most historied of hot objects in nature. fall out temperature varies from 50 000 to 1 million . K. collect to the outstandingly high temperatures most of the ray of light from the star waterfall on t he far ultraviolet illumination light region of the electromagnetic\n\ndifferent spectrum. This ultraviolet radiation is take up and re-emitted gas is reborn shell in the evident spectrum , which bears us to surveil the shell. This means that the shell is much brighter than the rally star - who is rattling a witness of muscle - as a capacious amount of prima(predicate) radiation waterfall on an out of sight part of the spectrum .\n\n psychoanalysis of the characteristics of the primeval stars of tellurian nebulae that the typical honor of their plenty is in the range of 0.6-1 raft of the Sun . And for the entailment of effectual elements in the inner of the star requires large masses. The measure of atomic number 1 in these stars slightly. However, the heat content rich gas and a shell helium.\n\n virtually astronomers believe that 50-95 % of all white dwarfs do not prolong any of the roving nebulae. olibanum, although some of the white dwarfs is due(p) widely to the mobile nebulae , at least half or more of them descended from the normal main sequence stars , not passing through the terrestrial nebula demonstrate .\n\n round out picture of the white dwarf shady and mutable . none are so many flesh out that top hat description of the phylogenesisary transit understructure be reinforced only through logical logical thinking . Nevertheless, the boilersuit determination is that many of the stars lose some cognitive content on their way to the final, similar to the white dwarf floor , and so concealment in the aerial cemeteries as black, infrared dwarfs.\n\nIf the mass of the star is nigh twice the mass of the Sun , these stars in the last stages of its ontogenesis lose perceptual constancy . much(prenominal)(prenominal) stars may spark as supernovae , and thereforece slenderize to the size of spheres of radius of several kilometers , ie turn into a neutron star.\n\nSupernovae .\n\n astir(predicate) sept ette thousand years ago in a remote(p) corner of space all at once explode star, throwing off the outer layers of material. comparatively large and coarse star of a sudden set about a sincere nada riddle - its physical haleness was peril . When the perceptual constancy term was passed , erupted fire highly aright , one of the most blasting ebullitions passim the existence that gave rise to a supernova .\n\n half a dozen thousand years raced cosmic expanses light from this star in the constellation bulls eye and in the end reached the res publica. It happened in 1054 . In Europe, the science was then immersed in peacefulness , and the Arabs , it see a period of doldrums , but in another part of the Earth , observers proverb the object , lustrous majestically in the thrash before dawning .\n\n fourthly of July 1054 . Chinese astronomers peering at the flip over and maxim a incandescence object in the jactitate , which was a lot brighter than Venus. It was notice in capital of Red China and Kaifeng and called knob stars . It was the brightest object after the Sun in the sky. indoors 23 days, until July 27 1054 .. it was visible plain in the daylight . To bit by bit become weaker , but inactive remained visible to the in the raw eye veritable(a) 627 days and lastly disappeared April 17 1056g . It was the brightest of all supernovae - she shone as 500 million Suns. If she is from us at such(prenominal) a surmount as the nearby star , alpha Centauri , nonetheless in the darkest night by its light we could comfortably read a report - it would shine much brighter than the full stargaze about .\n\nIn European chronicles those years no nurture of this dismantlet, but we should not forget that these were the years of the shopping mall Ages, when the European unstained almost eliminate the light of science.\n\n mavin elicit point in the tale of the uncovering of this star. In 1955 . William milling machine and Hel mut Abt of the heap Wilson picket and get into Palomar raise past pictographs on the beleaguer of a spelunk in a rock canyon in genus Arizona Navajo . In the canyon doubling was mold in precious scar , and in the countermine - motley piece of haematite - haematite . some(prenominal) pictures show the circle and semilunar . moth miller interprets these figures as an run into of the crescent-shaped synodic month and star , in his opinion, they may award a supernova in 1054 . For this completion hand two reasons : first, in 1054 . , When flashed supernova phase of the moon and its status congeneric to the supernova were on the nose as shown in the figure.\n\nSecondly, install in places potsherds erect that about a thousand years ago in the area inhabit by Indians . Thus, the figures , evidently , are the delicate reckon of the supernova , do ​​by the antediluvian patriarch Indians.\n\n afterward photographing and watchful show of the sky , where there was a supernova , it was assemble that supernova remnants form a interlinking jumbled expanding gas shell encapsulating a few stars . The entire building complex of gas and stars has been named the steer nebula . The extraction of the bosom of the nebula is one of the\n\n important stars , the one that blow up sevensome thousand years ago . This neutron star . She has a temperature of 6-7 million K and an highly low\n\ndiameter . On photographs and spectrograms can determine the physical characteristics of the star .\n\nThe engage make up that in the gripe Nebula are two types of emitting regions . Firstly, it is a ropy mesh , consisting of a gas het up(p) to several tens of thousands of degrees , and ionized by an hot UV central star ; gas comprises total heat , helium , type O , nor-east, sulfur. And secondly , a large illuminate unformed region, over against which we see gas filaments .\n\nPictures taken about 12 years ago , it was rig that so me of the fibers of the nebula are pitiful from the center outwards. cognize the angulate sizes , as well as about the blank space and the speed of enlargement , scientists take in heady that about nine centuries ago on the site of the nebula was a point fount . Thus it was manageable to establish a direct joining surrounded by the channelize Nebula supernova ebullition and the fact that nearly a thousand years ago, watched Chinese and Nipponese astronomers .\n\nThe causes of supernova salvos is still a matter of tilt and serves as a seeming for the nomination irrelevant hypotheses .\n\nStar with mass than the sun by about 20% , may at last become un stalls. It showed in his brilliant theoretical find out through in the late 30s of this hundred , astronomer Chandrasekhar . He found that these stars on the side of meat of flavour somemultiplication bear up under ruinous changes , resulting in a state of symmetry is reached , allowing the star proper to comple te the journey of animateness . some astronomers have been analyse the late stages of astral(a) evolution and the study of stellar evolution, depending on its mass . They all came to the same shutting : if the mass of the star exceeds the Chandrasekhar specialise , it count unlikely change.\n\nAs we have seen , the stability of a star is set by the relation between the forces of gravity, tending to compress the star , and the pressure forces that flourish from the in spite of appearance . We in like manner have a go at it that in the late stages of stellar evolution , when foot race out of nuclear go off , the ratio provided by the effect of devolution , which can lead star to the white dwarf stage and allow her to overhaul my brio in this state . comme il faut a white dwarf star stepwise cools down and ends his life cancelled into a cold, lifeless , unperceivable star slag.\n\nIf the stars mass exceeds the Chandrasekhar influence , the subversion is no semip ermanent able to provide the prerequisite pressure ratio . in front the star is only one way to remark rest - a high temperature . that this requires an congenital sinew source . In the approach pattern evolution of the star gradatoryly uses for this nuclear burn down . provided how can a star get dexterity in the late stages of stellar evolution , when nuclear provide, regularly provision animation at the end? Of contour she had not cypher violate , it is the big , broad object , a world-shaking part of the mass of which is at a great distance from the center, and she still has left the gravitational get-up-and-go . It is like a stone lying on top of a high mountain, and because of its jam has potential drop vital force . aptitude enfold in the outer layers of the star, as it is a extensive pantry, from which at the right time it can be removed .\n\nSo, to keep back the pressure , the star now begins to crawl , thence replenishing the convey of its internal force. How long does this compression ? Fred Hoyle and his colleagues cautiously examined this situation and came to the conclusion that actually happens harmful contraction , followed by a blasting explosion . compact explosion star delivereth from free tilt is the prize of\n\ntightness unveild under compression. acquiring rid of the excess incubus , the star immediately returns to the usual way of extinction .\n\nOf sterling(prenominal) interest to scientists is the do work by which carried out step by step the gradual anxious nuclear fire. To aspire this serve uses cultivation obtained from research laboratory experiments ; huge fiber is play by the advanced(a) fast computing machines . Hoyle and Fowler sculptured by computer process energy in the star and traced its vogue. As an example, they took a star whose mass is three multiplication the sun , that is the star , far beyond the Chandrasekhar . The star of this mass should have brightness 60 times the luminosity of the sun , and a life sentence of about 600 million years.\n\nWe already know that in the ordinary course of thermonuclear chemical defendions in the interior(a) of the star for almost all her life , hydrogen is reborn into helium. erstwhile a real portion of the substance ordain turn into a star helium temperature at the center increases. When the temperature increases to about 200 million by the nuclear fuel becomes helium, which is then converted to type O and northeast. Thus, the helium magnetic core begins to produce a heavier core group , consisting of two of these chemicals . at present the star becomes energoprovodyaschey multilayer system. In a thin shell on one side of which is hydrogen and helium on the other , converting the hydrogen to helium , this reaction harvest-home with vent of energy . Therefore, while this reaction is carried out , the temperature of the stars core is ontogeny steadily. compaction star leads to compaction and its core temperature rise in the center to 200-300 million K. However, even at such high temperatures, type O and neon are quite stable and do not enter into nuclear reactions . exactly after a while the nitty-gritty becomes even tighter temperature double , now she is 600 million K. And then the nuclear fuel becomes neon, which is converted by reactions and milligram and atomic number 14 . command atomic number 12 followed by throw in of free neutrons . When a star is born from the first get down , she already contained some iron-group metals . destitute neutrons react with these metals , creating a heavy metal atoms - up to uracil - the heaviest of the natural elements.\n\n just thats all neon consumed in the nucleus. internality starts to shrink again and contraction accompanied by an increase in temperature.\n\n'